Wednesday, March 3, 2010

Father of the A-Bomb


Meet the most famous and heroic American ever lived. Julius Robert Oppenheimer born in New York City on April 22, 1904, was born in to a very wealthy and cultured family. Julius was no regular kid, from a very young age people acknowledged that he would once become brilliant. He had one little brother Frank. His parents, Julius, and former Ella Friedman, were very successful as well. His father emigrated into the U.S. as a young boy from Germany. Julius as well had his own business importing textiles. Ella, his Mother, was a beautiful painter. She as well loved the beauty of the arts. As a little boy, Robert (his preferable name) was clearly seen as a genius. His quietness was a sign of a quick mind, and a strong appetite for learning. Robert also had a very wide range of interests. At age 11 Rob was the youngest person to be admitted into the New York Mineralogical Society. He submitted his paper when he was only 12 years old. After graduating the Ethical Culture School in New York, he spent his summer in Europe. Although he contracted dysentery there and had to take one year to recuperate, when he was all better Robert took his first flight west where the Pecos Valley of New Mexico caught his imagination. The Oppenheimer family later bought a house their, returning year after year. In 1922 he entered Harvard University. With a broad curriculum, several foreign language classes, along with chemistry and physics, he managed to complete college in just 3 years. And in 1925 he left the U.S. to Europe to study the Theoretical Physics. In 1928 Robert obtained some teaching positions at the University of California at Berkeley and at the California Institute of Technology, other wised known as Cal Tech, found in Pasadena. In the next 13 years he taught and did research at these schools during alternating semesters and became a wonderful teacher. Even though many students complained that he set impossible expectations in the classroom, he interested many others and some colleagues as well in theoretical physics. Oppenheimer’s social life was much like his teaching; he would spend hours of time discussing subjects such as astrophysics and cosmic rays or nuclear physics and electrodynamics. Some of Rob’s best work in the study of elementary particles was as well done over the years as a teacher. In 1930, he demonstrated that the proton in not the antimatter equivalent of antielectron as had then been supposed. In 1935 he discovered that it was possible to accelerate deuterons made up of a proton and a neutron to much higher energies than neutrons alone. This research would lead to the Manhattan Project where he would later create the atomic bomb. As you can see Julius Oppenheimer was a key to our country’s history. He was one of the most remarkable humans U.S. has had since Einstein. Rob had accomplished many other things in his life, these are only a few. He died in February, on the 18th of 1967 where he loved it the most, Princeton University. His death was due to a severe throat cancer. He was happily married with Katherine Puening Harrison (maid name). They were married on November 1st, 1940 and had two beautiful children Peter and Katherine (Toni). I could never forget what Mr. Oppenheimer has done for our country; I just hope you never will either.

1st Influence: Life without Rob? Impossible.


If Robert Oppenheimer never existed life would be too different. He created the atomic bomb! The bomb that was used to end many of the United States wars. One of the wars being the huge war against Japan in 1995. That was when he first introduced it as they attempted to bomb Japan to try to end the war. Other scientist had different ideas the Oppenheimer. Rob’s main challenge was assembling critical mass- that is, how to bring together two piece of U-235 quickly enough to create a chain reaction that would make the explosion. Before he settled on the idea of the “gun method” in which a piece of uranium would be fired like a bullet into another sphere-shaped uranium target. Another scientist named Seth Neddermever had some other suggestions, called an implosion. Seth pictured this as a hollow ball of uranium surrounded by explosive metal. When the explosive would go off the hollow center would collapse, and the now compacted sphere would become critical. Most of the other scientist rejected the idea because the explosion would have to be perfectly even all around the sphere, which seemed impossible. But Oppenheimer told Neddermeyer to proceed with his research by himself. By the summer of 1944, both problems-material and assembly- had become connected. Uranium would work with Rob’s gun method, but production had become so slow that only enough material for one bomb would be ready by mid 1945, by then it would be no use. This meant if Rob wanted to test the bomb, there wouldn’t be one for the war. Furthermore, test of plutonium shoed it would work, but his gun method would take to much time. A plutonium bomb would have to use Neddermever’s method. The factories that were belt could produce plenty of plutonium for the bomb. So far Seth was going no where. He was making no progress what so ever. It seemed as if to create a perfectly even explosion around the bomb's core was impossible to do. The decision came when British scientists joined the team. Among them another young Englishmen named James Tuck who suggested using an explosive lens to direst the force just as a regular lens directs light rays. If such lenses were focused around the core, it should be possible to produce and even explosion. Gradually, the implosion bomb began to take shape. The start of 1945 the United States army took over land in the New Mexico desert to test the bomb. On the morning of July 16th, 1945 Rob stood silently, awaiting the test bomb. He wrote in his letters, descriptions of the unleashed bomb.

2nd Influence: Regrets the use of the bombs.


Robert’s second influence to the world is him regretting the use of the bomb. He and the other scientist were given the choice of an invasion on Japan which would cause a lot of American loves, or a nuclear attack on a military target that would also kill many civilians. And they obviously chose the bomb. Robert Oppenheimer later regretted the decision, saying it had been unnecessary and wrong. The final decision was given to President Harry S Truman, who also decided to use the bomb. August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb, called the “Little Boy,” was dropped on the city of Hiroshima, killing from a range of 78,000 to 200,000 people. Over 60,000 buildings destroyed, the whole entire center of the city was gone just like that. Other thousands began to dye of radiation sickness. A couple days later of August 9, the “Fat Man,” as they called it, was dropped on the city of Nagasaki killing over 100,000 dyeing, and again even more dying from radiation sickness. Finally on August 14, Japan surrendered.

Fun Facts:



  1. Because of Robert Oppenheimer close to 300,000 people died from only two of his bombs that were dropped on Japan.

  2. When growing up, his family and he spent their time at a choice of three different homes, on of which being in New Mexico.

  3. Julius Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein worked together during his research with the bombs.


  4. Got a United States Medal for Merit, French legion of honor.

  5. Rob was the youngest human being to be admitted into the New York Mineralogical Society.

  6. In 1930 he presented a cogent symmetry argument later recognized to be tantamount to the positive electron or position.

  7. Rob helped develop Oppenheimer-Philips interpretation of Dieter pm nuclear reactions which eventually led to great insight into the structure of the nucleus.



Poll Questions:

According to Rob’s biography, how many universities did he attend to?
What two bombs did Oppenheimer create? When were they used?

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